Chapter Eight: Learning
1. What is learning? How can we tell when learning has occurred?
2. What is associative learning and how does it work?
3. What are classic and operant conditioning? How do they differ?
4. How does classic conditioning work? Who came up with this?
5. What did Pavlov discover? How do the UR, US , CR and CS work together? Does this prove learning?
6. What is acquisition?
7. Can the UR, US, CR, CS connection fade or become extinct?
8. What is spontaneous recovery and how does it work?
9. What is generalization and why can it be a good thing?
10. What is discrimination?
11. How does the cognitive process impact/influence learning?
12. Does biology influence how learning or the amount of learning that can occur?
13. What are the applications of classical conditioning?
14. How does operant conditioning work?
15. Who was Skinner and what was going on with his box?
16. What is shaping and how have your parents used it on you?
17. Why do people use reinforcements on learned behaviours?
18. What are positive and negative reinforcements? How does each work and how do they differ? Give examples not found in the text of each.
19. How do primary and conditioned reinforcements work together?
20. What happens when reinforcers aredelayed?
21. What are the different schedules that researchers use when applying reinforcements? What are the results of each and which type seems to be the most effective?
22. What is punishment? How does it work and how does it differ from negative reinforcement?
23. What is a cognitive map? Why is this important for learning?
24. What is latent learning?
25. What is intrinsic motivation? How does this influence one’s learning?
26. What are the ways that operant conditioning can be applied to real life daily situations?
27. What is observation learning? Where does it take place in the brain?
28. What is modeling and how does it work? When would you use modeling?
29. Who is Bandura? What came of his experiments? Who is Bobo?
30. What is prosocial?
31. How do television and other media sources influence observational learning? With this information, should parents monitor or limit their children’s access to television?
Chapter Nine: Memory
1. How do scientists define memory? How does it work?
2. What are flashbulb memories?
3. Explain the process of encoding, storing and retrieving memories. Is this similar to learning??
4. What are long-term and short-term memory? How do they differ in their functions, brain processing and purpose?
5. What is automatic processing and how does it work?
6. What is effortful processing and how does it work?
7. When and how would one use automatic or effortful processing?
8. What is the purpose of encoding? What are the different types? Give examples and explain how each works.
9. How does imagery work? Why does it increase the quality of memories?
10. What are mnemonic devices and how do they work? Give an example.
11. What is chunking and how does it work? When would chunking be the best method for retaining memories?
12. What are iconic and echoic memory? How do they work together?
13. Why is short term memory often referred to as “working” memory?
14. How does LTP work?
15. What happens to the brain during traumatic events? Why can this alter memories?
16. What is amnesia?
17. What is an implicit memory and explicit memory? When does one use each?
18. What does the hippocampus do? What happens to memory when the hippocampus is damaged?
19. What role does the cerebellum play in memory?
20. How does the brain retrieve memories?
21. What types of cues do people incorporate in order to retrieve memories?
22. Does context alter one’s abilities to retrieve memories?
23. If a woman is incredibly angry with her husband, how will she interpret the memories of her wedding day?
24. How and why do people forget information?
25. Can people forget on purpose?
26. Do people really have hidden or forgotten memories?
27. What is the misinformation effect? How does that work in the brain and how does that change the way people interpret events?
28. What is source amnesia?
29. Are there false memories? How do they work?
30. Can children really be qualified as reliable witnesses in a court case? Why or why not?
31. Can and should courts use recovered memories to try people for crimes? Why or why not?
32. What are some ways that people can improve their memory?
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